| The literate world is well aware 那 a controversy about the 真实ity 的 the 飞碟 phenomenon has raged for decades. Arrayed on one side are the enthusiasts - the casual, the serious and the bizarre - along with thousands 的 highly qualified pilot-witnesses, high-ranking military personnel, intensely interested scientists, and even an astronaut or two. All regard the hundreds 的 thousands 的 global sighting reports as a scientific problem 的 major significance, and 所有 demand 那 science finally conducts a thorough, objective investigation. Centrally opposed to this position are a large number 的 mainstream scientists, most 的 whom are not only indifferent to the subject | 由Budd Hopkins
不明飞行物编年史
2005-2020 |
不明飞行物，但也完全不了解证据的分量。与他们结盟的是一群奇怪的混合体，其中包括美国空军的官方发言人，圣经带原教旨主义的传教士（例如帕特·罗伯逊）和一小撮自言自语的人"rationalist"拆封者（他们可能认为他们的宗教同胞无可救药的迷信）。显然，与对不明飞行物现象进行科学研究的斗争使人们感到奇怪。
A few years ago, when those 的 us in the research community heard rumors 的 a two-tiered scientific investigation to be undertaken at Harvard University by experimental psychologists 理查德·麦克纳利 and 苏珊·克兰西, we were curious but wary. Dr. McNally, we were told, intended to test a group 的 self-described 飞碟 被绑架者s for the presence 的 certain symptoms 的 post-traumatic stress disorder. He would employ as a model a similar test used years before, in which a group 的 Vietnam veterans tape recorded their traumatic war experiences and then, at a later time, were scientifically measured for signs 的 stress as they heard their taped accounts played back. Dr. Clancy planned to employ a word memorization test, which was supposed to reveal a subject's tendency towards 假 memories. Unfortunately, neither McNally nor Clancy intended to carry out any actual investigations 的 飞碟 abduction reports or examine any physical evidence. They would remain in the laboratory, limiting their project to the ostensibly scientific 测试 的 their 被绑架者 subjects' veracity.
Early in the 苏珊·克兰西 enterprise, any hopes I had for her objectivity evaporated when I learned 那 her purported 被绑架者 subjects were to be self-selected. She had placed ads in a number 的 newspapers, asking for those who believed they had had 飞碟 abduction experiences to contact her. Little or no vetting took place, and her unscientific protocol thus opened the laboratory door to anyone who claimed to be an 被绑架者. Her subjects were not a group whose accounts had been investigated and accepted as reliable by experienced researchers, but instead, Clancy accepted virtually anyone who came in 的 f the street and told her they were, indeed, 被绑架者s. Some 的 her subjects had such tenuous, even vapid reasons for believing they were 被绑架者s - a "mysterious bruise" or a "vague feeling" - 那 知道ledgeable researchers would have immediately shown them the door. The uncritical Dr. Clancy, however, made them part 的 the "abductee" group she studied!
任何熟悉这种现象的人都知道，很少有被绑架者会公开讨论他们的经历，或使自己受"testing" 的 any kind by people or organizations 那 they do not 知道 and trust. Doing so would be to run the very 真实 risk 的 becoming targets for career-threatening ridicule. Obviously, the more highly credentialed 被绑架者s are the most hesitant to volunteer as test subjects because they have the most to lose. Neither the NASA research scientist, the NASA engineer, nor the many psychiatrists, psychologists, police 的 ficers and military professionals who, over the years, have reported their abduction experiences to me, would ever involve themselves in what might well turn out to be sensationalist and incompetently mounted tests 的 one kind or another. Adding to 那 basic flaw in her study, my second concern had to do with the fact 那 neither Clancy, whom I had twice met, nor McNally made any attempt to contact Dr. David Jacobs or me. They were both undoubtedly aware 那 the two 的 us have accumulated between us masses 的 data after decades 的 work with literally hundreds 的 被绑架者s. We were never consulted on any issue, nor was our help in vetting test subjects called for. In retrospect, Dr. Jacobs and I could have easily prevented the two testers - innocent 的 the complex work 的 actual investigation - from making many 的 the egregious errors which have so seriously damaged their work.
麦克纳利的结果'创伤后应激障碍体征的S检验显着。那些报道绑架事件的人在听到录音带重放的声音时，表现出几乎与越南兽医听到的创伤战争经历相同的强烈情感反应。但是正如我们很快在麦克纳利中学到的'在测试结果的分析中，魔鬼不是在细节本身，而是在他对细节的解释中。他宣布，因为我们"know"不明飞行物的绑架'不存在，他的所有科目'帐户必须是虚假的回忆。由于他们的注册与"true"他解释说，测试显示的记忆是"false"记忆可能会像"real"回忆！这个经典的插图"我赢了头，你输了头" circular reasoning provides a perfect example 的 ideology trumping science. Unfortunately, as astronomer J. Allen 海尼克 once remarked, science is not always what scientists do. In effect, McNally seemed to be saying 那 even if his own test results support the traumatic 真实ity 的 the abduction phenomenon, 那 fact changes nothing since 飞碟 ABDUCTIONS JUST DO NOT EXIST, and 那 somehow, someway, he will make his test results fit his hypothesis! McNally'测试结果的意识形态解释-一个清晰的例子"faith-based science"-与创造论者一样刻板'不管化石记录显示了什么，都对进化进行了故意的den毁。
苏珊·克兰西's word memorization test as an indication 的 假 memories is far more tenuous than McNally'检验创伤后压力的存在。 （除了重申我已经说过的致命缺陷外，这里可能不是技术上的不足之处，而是依靠未经审查的，自选的样本。我将在第二部分中回顾她的工作细节。相反，我想讨论的问题是她使用了一个相当简单的单词记忆协议来批准她对某个主题的信念's demonstrably traumatic memories are 假. Clancy baldly stated in an early newspaper interview 那 she assumed 大家 would accept the idea 那 所有 abduction experiences were 假 memories, because "everyone" knew there were no such things as 飞碟 abductions. This, she apparently thought, was settled truth - and another illustration 的 irrational, 信仰科学. So, at the outset 的 their work, neither she nor McNally intended to raise even the possibility 那 such things as 飞碟 abductions might have occurred, let alone to actually investigate 那 possibility. The ideology they shared assumed 那 such experiences were, ipso facto, 假 memories, a theory the two seem to believe as fervently as the Pope believes in the virgin birth.
我想到另一个类比。想象一下，有一群报告过强奸经历并且现在将由一对实验心理学家进行测试的妇女，而不是一群被绑架者。心理学家从一开始就表示，他们不相信这些妇女中的任何人实际上遭到了强奸，并以此为前提。因此，他们的目标不是调查女性的真实性'的主张，但发现建立其主张的方式"tendencies to fantasize and form 假 memories." Since the testers "know" in advance 那 these rape memories are 假, no police investigation into the 所有eged rape accounts is necessary - no examination 的 physical or medical evidence, no visits to 所有eged crime scenes, no interviews with possible witnesses, and no checks on the reputations 的 the rape victims. In short, nothing will be undertaken 那 might support the 真实ity 的 their experiences. An outrageous, even inhumane idea, 的 course, but analogous to the Clancy-McNally attitude to 飞碟 被绑架者s.
就像我在上面指出的那样，克兰西没有对她的任何科目进行任何调查'绑架报告-无需询问支持证人，没有访问过被指控的地点，没有寻找实物证据，没有与朋友和家人进行采访。她所做的一切显然都是通过单词记忆测试和个人访谈的方式在实验室进行的，尽管她显然在文学，历史或UFO现象的复杂性方面缺乏扎实的基础。最近我出现在"Larry King Live,"当其中一位嘉宾展示了来自俄勒冈州麦克明维尔的举世闻名的特伦特飞碟照片时，他们与克兰西（Clancy）以及其他几个人一起进行了炸毁，可以说是现存最著名的飞碟照片。他们在"Life"杂志于1950年发行，至今已被许多出版物复制了数百次。什么'更进一步，在经过仔细分析后，1969年，持怀疑态度的康登委员会（Conven Committee）的调查人员以这种方式描述了麦克明维尔（McMinnville）的照片案："这是为数不多的UFO报告，在这些报告中，所调查的所有因素（几何，心理和物理因素）似乎都与这样的主张一致，即一个非凡的飞行物体（银色，金属，圆盘状，直径数十米，显然是直径）人造的，在两名目击者的视线内飞过。"光学物理学家布鲁斯·麦克卡比（Bruce Maccabee）博士对这起案件进行了彻底调查，飞往麦克明维尔（McMinneville），采访了特伦特人，他们的家人和邻居，在同一地点拍摄了自己的测试照片，并对原图进行了数月的光学分析。马卡比'的作品已被广泛出版，但是即使是那些不小心参与UFO研究和研究的人，照片本身也应该是熟悉的。然而，在拉里·金（Larry King）计划期间，绑架当局苏珊·克兰西（Susan Clancy）瞥了一眼监视器上的照片，并说了这样的话："那可能是任何东西...有人丢了轮毂盖或飞盘之类的东西。"她对案件的明显无知，以及对不明飞行物现象的文献和历史的无知，都被这种轻率的轻蔑的裂痕恰当地说明了，人们可能希望在德克萨斯州的一个夜深夜听到这句话，但不是从拥有博士学位的人哈佛大学学位。早些时候，当金（King）问她如何对不明飞行物绑架这个话题感兴趣时，她以这种方式开始回答："I'一直在研究外星人..."在学习外星人？同样，这种关于她在实验室工作的奇特描述，并不是人们期望从表面上严肃的电视节目的实验心理学家那里听到的。
Though as a faith-based scientist, 苏珊·克兰西 has no problem asserting her absolute belief 那 所有 飞碟 abduction accounts are nothing more than 假 memories, she is left with the problem 的 explaining how these memories are generated. 通过 what process can many thousands 的 extremely similar accounts from around the world come into the heads 的 this multitude - especially since her colleague, 理查德·麦克纳利, has established 那 abduction memories have essentially the same traumatic qualities as memories 的 the Vietnam War? Clancy'解决方案是将各种理论混为一谈，其中许多相互矛盾，以试图解释这些理论的力量和相似之处。"false"回忆。绑架研究人员一直很熟悉Clancy提供的解释，多年来，我们一直拒绝与许多绑架账目极其脆弱，缺乏证据或容易解释的人打交道。我们与克兰西的不同之处在于，她坚持自己的先验信念，即可以用她的各种理论来解释每起绑架案，并且不需要进行实际调查，而经验丰富的调查员（是科学怀疑论者）则相信绑架案并伴以支持各种类型的证据，在得出可靠的结论之前，应进行调查。
她的第一个解释-绑架记忆是在睡眠麻痹发作期间形成的，这是一种相对罕见的神经系统事件，通常持续几秒钟，这是当前流行的各种条带化解词。由于该对象在夜间发生了相当大比例的UFO绑架，因此急切地提出了睡眠麻痹的解释's bedroom. There are, 的 course, myriad objections to the sleep paralysis theory, but it clearly self-destructs before one central problem: the large percentage 的 飞碟 abductions which occur in the daytime, when the 被绑架者 is up and about, driving a car, taking a walk, playing in the front yard, or even, in one case, driving a tractor. In fact, for the first twenty years 的 飞碟 abduction accounts, I am aware 的 none 那 reportedly took place inside one'的家或卧室。因此，根据科学法令，如果理论不适合数据，则必须予以拒绝。
Clancy also indicts the use 的 hypnosis as the medium by which 假 memories are implanted in unsuspecting clients by unscrupulous hypnotists. The problem with this theory is 那 about 30% 的 the thousands 的 飞碟 abduction reports researchers have investigated were recalled 不用催眠. Beyond 那, virtually 所有 被绑架者s recall at least some aspects 的 their experiences without hypnosis. Otherwise, they would have had no reason to contact an investigator in the first place. In the light 的 these facts, the "hypnosis explanation" as to how "false"绑架的回忆也产生了崩溃。
It should be added 那 further doubts about the efficacy 的 hypnosis in inducing 假 memories have been raised by recent experimental studies, such as the work 的 psychologists Steven Lynn and Irving Kirsch. They summarize their results this way: "The most appropriate conclusion 那 can be drawn from the evidence is 那 hypnosis does not reliably produce more 假 memories than are produced in a variety 的 non-hypnotic situations in which misleading information is conveyed to participants." It is also a matter 的 record 那 many hypnotherapists with no 知道ledge 的 the abduction phenomenon have, to their surprise, uncovered traumatic abduction recollections in subjects with whom they were working. In fact, Dr. Benjamin Simon, a psychiatrist highly skeptical 的 飞碟 真实ity who was treating Betty and Barney Hill for post traumatic stress, uncovered details 的 their terrifying abduction experience in what is now seen as the first systematically investigated 飞碟 abduction case. Obviously, 中 hypnosis, his personal skepticism had no effect whatsoever on the Hills' recollections. There are many reasons to trust the process 的 hypnosis, if it is handled carefully and skeptically, with the use 的 假 leads and other validating techniques (all 的 which I have discussed elsewhere). But it should be clear by now 那 objective science must reject Clancy's theory 那 hypnosis per se is implicated in the wholesale generation 的 假 memories.
用于解释不明飞行物绑架报告的早期理论之一坚持认为，这种经历无非是一种新事物。"space age religion."既然神已经死了，绑架者发明了与"godlike" alien beings to replace them. But 那 highly speculative theory was discounted years ago by serious researchers on both sides 的 the 问题because 的 yet another major problem: the vast majority 的 飞碟 被绑架者s feel 那 their abductions have been deeply traumatizing - sometimes even physically painful and injurious - and 那 the small, hairless, big-eyed 飞碟 occupants they describe are anything but 上帝喜欢. (Richard McNally'自己的测试结果支持这个被绑架者视图）。但是，应该指出的是，一个偶然遇见被绑架者的人，他完全意识到自己遭受的情感创伤，但是仍然愿意以某种方式将这些经历视为精神上的振奋。对于这类人来说，这种对创伤事件的积极看法可能是一种应对策略，类似于某些受虐的妻子的做法，他们不会向警察投诉，而是坚持认为自己虐待丈夫的确爱他们。也许，对于一些受虐的妻子以及一些受创伤的被绑架者而言，这种应对策略是一种挽留妻子的方式。 '通过摆脱成为无助受害者的感觉并坚持在某个地方以某种方式使他们的苦难成为一线希望，从而实现自尊。人们回想起许多卡特里娜飓风的受害者，他们失去了一切，但在电视上接受采访时，他们坚持认为自己的可怕经历在某种程度上具有变革性并在精神上令人振奋。
同样诅咒克兰西 '宗教上的解释是，许多原始文化背景下的许多被绑架者的飞碟报告都描述了与更先进文化背景下的被绑架者完全相同的细节，而这些原始人却孜孜不倦地工作，以使他们的UFO经历适合其传统模式宗教。因此，在一次著名的津巴布韦事件中，原住民用闪亮的一件连身衣形容小白皮肤的外星人，他们坚称自己是祖先的幽灵，显然，他们现在可以用无翼金属圆盘飞来飞去。克兰西会让我们相信，许多先前的宗教信仰者只是放弃了他们的传统信仰，而开始以一种新的方式来崇拜被绑架的外星人。"虚假的宗教信仰"但是在这种非洲事件中，当地人则相反。他们强迫常规"space age"他们实际上已经观察到不明飞行物和皮肤白皙的外星人与他们先前存在的宗教信仰十分紧张。因此，他们的不明飞行物经验可以看作是加强了他们的传统信仰，而不是取代他们。
克兰西提到的另一个不稳定的解释是介质污染。根据这个想法，完全正常的人会受到某些事物的影响'在电视上看过的书或看过的书，就像无助的海绵一样，它们采用了其他人的细节's abduction accounts and thus weave tenaciously held 假 memories from "an odd bruise" or a "strange feeling"或同样脆弱的东西。无需指出，经验丰富的研究人员一开始便会认识到这些问题。"wannabes"他们是什么，拒绝与他们打交道。此外，似乎这些新造的"wannabes"将是第一个回答克兰西的人'的广告招募被绑架者参加她的测试，因为这样做可以通过成为她的样本的一部分来实现合法性。因此，她的中心点"contamination"论点巧妙地揭示了她的方法论的原始和最具破坏性的缺陷：自我选择的主题，因此完全没有代表性。
So who were the people Clancy was attempting to test? Were there some apparently legitimate 被绑架者s among her sample? Possibly. Were there 想要, publicity seekers and emotionally unstable people among her sample? Undoubtedly. And under these conditions, what kind 的 valid generalizations could she possibly make about the 飞碟 abduction phenomenon?
鉴于她的方法学中存在的这些严重问题，我们必须简要考虑一下克兰西哪个复杂，多面绑架现象的哪个领域'出于信仰的态度拒绝考虑。她忽略了哪些数据？这里是一些示例：
1）。她没有研究众所周知的，明确定义的身体后遗症的形式-oop痕和直线割伤-在绑架后经常出现在个体身上。
2）。她没有提及地面痕迹的模式-变质的土壤，树枝从上向下折断，对周围树叶的影响等，这些都是绑架后通常在UFO着陆点发现的。
3). She made no mention 的 the eye-witness testimony 的 neighbors observing a 飞碟 hovering over a house where an abduction is taking place; 的 witnesses who search in vain for an abducted child who is later found outside a fully locked house; 的 the incidents in which the police are summoned because 的 the temporary disappearance 的 a baby from his crib or a child from her bedroom, but who turn up, unobserved, an hour or so later; or hundreds 的 similar cases in which 被绑架者s are 知道n to be inexplicably missing.
4）。她没有提到UFO乘员经常犯的怪异错误，例如，从绑架中归还的人穿着其他人's clothes; replacing 被绑架者s in the wrong room or building after an abduction; or returning an individual to her bedroom in a locked and bolted house with her feet soiled and the back 的 her nightgown covered with damp leaves; or any 的 the scores 的 other such significant errors.
5）。她没有提到数百起案件，其中两个或多个人被一次绑架，并且他们的创伤记忆在每个细节上都是匹配的。
6）。她没有提及一些案子-例如特拉维斯·沃尔顿案或琳达·科蒂尔绑架案-许多目击者在进行绑架时看到全部或部分绑架案。
7). She made no effort to interview the friends and family members 的 the people in her sample, or in fact anyone who might have insight into their general trustworthiness and emotional soundness. Instead, 苏珊·克兰西 alone, because 的 her faith in the non-existence 的 飞碟 abductions, decided 那 所有 的 her subjects' abduction accounts were 假, and 那 所有 的 their traumatic recollections were nothing more than 假 memories. She is therefore implying - indirectly but absolutely - 那 none 的 her subjects can tell the difference between dream and 真实ity. To the public at large, this means, in effect, 那 an experimental psychologist with a Harvard degree believes 大家 claiming 飞碟 abduction experiences is suffering from a form 的 mental illness.
For me, in the absence 的 any actual investigation 的 their accounts, such a radical, blanket condemnation by 苏珊·克兰西 的 her innocent and naively trusting subjects is both ethically reprehensible and a disgrace to science.
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